效用問題提出三個房子和三個公用事業公司——例如,煤氣、電力和水——並詢問是否可以將每個公用事業公司連線到每個房子,而煤氣/水/電線/管道不會跨越任何其他線路/管道。這等同於問題“是否可以從三個節點(‘房子’)中的每一個到另三個節點(‘公用事業公司’)中的每一個構建一個平面圖?”這個問題最初由 H. E. Dudeney 於 1917 年以這種形式提出 (Gardner 1984, p. 92)。
Chartrand, G. "三房和三公用事業問題:平面圖導論"。§9.1 in Introductory Graph Theory. New York: Dover, pp. 191-202, 1985.Coxeter, H. S. M. "自對偶構型和正則圖"。Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.56, 413-455, 1950.Gardner, M. The Sixth Book of Mathematical Games from Scientific American. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 92-94, 1984.Kullman, D. E. "公用事業問題"。Math. Mag.52, 299-302, 1979.Ore, Ø. Graphs and Their Uses. New York: Random House, pp. 14-17, 1963.Royle, G. "F006A." http://www.csse.uwa.edu.au/~gordon/foster/F006A.html.Pappas, T. "木材、水、穀物問題"。The Joy of Mathematics. San Carlos, CA: Wide World Publ./Tetra, pp. 175 and 233, 1989.Steinhaus, H. Mathematical Snapshots, 3rd ed. New York: Dover, pp. 262-263, 1999.