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兔鴨錯覺


Rabbit-duck illusion

兔鴨錯覺是一種模稜兩可的圖形,大腦會在看到兔子和鴨子之間切換。鴨兔圖“最初由”美國心理學家約瑟夫·賈斯特羅(Joseph Jastrow)指出(Jastrow 1899, p. 312; 1900; 另見 Brugger and Brugger 1993)。賈斯特羅使用該圖形,以及諸如 內克爾立方體施羅德階梯 等圖形,來指出知覺不僅僅是刺激的產物,也是心理活動的產物 (Kihlstrom 2002)。

賈斯特羅的卡通是基於最初發表在哈珀週刊Harper's Weekly)(1892 年 11 月 19 日,p. 1114)上的一幅,而該幅卡通又是基於早期刊登在德國幽默雜誌 Fliegende Blätter(1892 年 10 月 23 日,p. 147)上的一幅插圖。

有趣的是,在復活節星期天接受測試的兒童更可能將該圖形視為兔子,而在十月份的星期天接受測試時,他們往往將其視為鴨子(Brugger and Brugger 1993, Kihlstrom 2002)。Brugger 和 Brugger (1993) 提供了鴨兔變體的綜合目錄,以及關於它們可逆性難易程度的資料。

這種錯覺是兒童讀物 Duck! Rabbit! (Rosenthal 和 Lichtenheld 2009)背後的靈感。


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Brugger, P. and Brugger, S. "The Easter Bunny in October: Is It Disguised as a Duck?" Perceptual Motor Skills 76, 577-578, 1993.Fliegende Blätter. October 23, 1892, p. 147.Gombrich, E. H. Art and Illusion. New York: Pantheon, p. 5, 1960.Jastrow, J. "Minor Contributions. Studies from the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology of the University of Wisconsin." Amer. J. Psych. 3, 43-58. 1890.Jastrow, J. "The Mind's Eye." Popular Sci. Monthly 54, 299-312, 1899.Jastrow, J. Fact and Fable in Psychology. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1900.Jastrow, J. The Subconscious. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1906.Jastrow, J. "The Administrative Peril in Education." Popular Sci. Monthly 81, 495-515, 1912.Jastrow, J. "Conflict of Psychologies." Sci. Monthly 29, 411-416, 1929.Jastrow, J. "Joseph Jastrow." In A History of Psychology in Autobiography (Ed. C. Murchison). Worcester, MA: Clark University Press, pp. 135-162, 1930a.Jastrow, J. Keeping Mentally Fit: A Guide to Everyday Psychology. Garden City, NY: Garden City Publishing, 1930b.Jastrow, J. Piloting Your Life; the Psychologist as Helmsman. New York: Greenberg, 1930c.Jastrow, J. "Has Psychology Failed?" Amer. Scholar 4, 261-269, 1935.Kid's World. "Optical Illusions--2." http://www.frontiernet.net/~docbob/ilusion2.htm.Kihlstrom, J. F. "Letter to the Editor." Trends Cognitive Sci. 6, 502, 2002.Malach, R.; Levy, I.; and Hasson, U. "The Topography of High-Order Human Object Areas." Trends Cogn. Sci. 6, 178-184, 2002.Peterson, M. A.; Kihlstrom, J. F.; Rose, P. M.; and Glisky, M. L. "Mental Images Can be Ambiguous: Reconstruals and Reference-Frame Reversals." Memory and Cogn. 20, 107-123, 1992.Popplestone, J. A. M. An Illustrated History of American Psychology, 2nd ed. Akron, OH: University of Akron Press, 1994."Rabbit and Duck." Harper's Weekly 36, No. 1874, p. 1114, Nov. 19, 1892.Rosenthal, A. K. and Lichtenheld, T. Duck! Rabbit! New York: Chronicle Books, 2009.Scheidemann, N. V. Experiments in General Psychology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 67, 1939.Wittgenstein, L. Philosophical Investigations. Oxford, England: Blackwell, pp. 165-166, 1953/1958.

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兔鴨錯覺

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韋斯坦因,埃裡克·W. “兔鴨錯覺”。來自 Web 資源。 https://mathworld.tw/Rabbit-DuckIllusion.html

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